A Secure Optimization Routing Algorithm for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) is a micro vascular complication caused by long-term diabetes mellitus. Unidentifed diabetic
retinopathy leads to permanent blindness. Early identifcation of this disease requires frequent complex diagnostic procedure which is expensive and time consuming. In this article, we propose a composite deep neural network architecture with
gated-attention mechanism for automated diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy. The feature descriptors obtained from multiple
pre-trained deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) are used to represent color fundus retinal images. Spatial pooling
methods are introduced to get the reduced versions of these representations without loosing much information. The proposed composite DNN learns independently from each of these reduced representations through diferent channels and contributes to improving the model generalization. In addition, model also includes gated attention blocks which allows the model to emphasize more on lesion portions of the retinal images while reduced attention to the non-lesion regions. Our experiments on APTOS-2019 Kaggle blindness detection challenge reveal that, the proposed approach leads to improved performance when compared to the existing best models. Our empirical studies also reveal that, the proposed approach leads to more generalised predictions with multi-modal representations when compared to those of uni-modal representations. The proposed composite deep neural network model recorded an accuracy of 82.54% (↑ 2%), and a Kappa score of 79 (↑ 9 points) for diabetic retinopathy severity level prediction